Electron 25.3.0 for apple download free11/5/2023 ![]() ![]() All these approaches rely on the analogue storage of synaptic weights, which can be used in multiplication operations, and use Kirchhoff’s current law for the summation of currents implemented via crossbar arrays 17. Since then, several resistive neuromorphic systems and devices have been implemented using oxide materials 6, 7, 8, phase-change memory 9, spintronic devices 10, 11 and ferroelectric devices (tunnel junctions 12, 13 and ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) 14, 15), and such systems-namely, ferroelectric tunnel junctions 13 and SONOS (that is, silicon–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon) transistors 16-have exhibited energy efficiencies of up to 100 tera-operations per second per watt (TOPS W –1). 1, 2), but the field gained considerable momentum after the development of memristive devices 3 and the proposal of convolutional layers in deep neural networks at the algorithmic level 4, 5. Neuromorphic computing can be traced back to the 1980s (refs. Brain-inspired computing-often termed neuromorphic computing-based on artificial neural networks and their hardware implementations could be used to solve a broad range of computationally intensive tasks.
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